required reading. Ghobadzadeh, Naser. 2015. Religious Secularity: A theological Challenge to the Islamic State. New York: Oxford University Press. Introduction. Pp. 130 1. Kuru, Ahmet T. 2007. “Passive and Assertive Secularism: Historical Conditions, Ideological Struggles, and State Policies toward Religion.” World Politics 59 (4):568594. 2. AnNa�im, Abdullahi Ahmed. 2008.Islam and the secular state: negotiating the future of Shari`a. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 3. Hashemi, Nader. 2010. “The multiple histories of secularism: Muslim societies in comparison.” Philosophy Social Criticism 36 (34):325338. 4. Stepan, Alfred C. 2000. “Religion, democracy, and the “Twin Tolerations”.” Journal of Democracy 11 (4):3757. 5. Esposito, John L., and Azzam Tamimi. 2000. Islam and secularism in the Middle East. New York: New York University Press.